Condensation is a common phenomenon in our daily lives, and it becomes a major concern when operating electronic equipment or designing cooling systems. In this article, we will explore why condensation occurs, the scientific principle of the dew point, the conditions that cause condensation, and practical methods to prevent it in electronic equipment. Condensation happens when water vapor in the air turns into liquid droplets on a cold surface. This does not occur just because the surface is cold — the air’s temperature and humidity play crucial roles. When these two values reach a certain point, the air can no longer hold moisture as vapor, and condensation begins. This critical temperature is known as the dew point .     The Principle of Dew Point and Condensation Formation The dew point is the temperature at which air at a specific humidity and temperature reaches full saturation and starts to condense water vapor. For example, at 24°C with 60% humidity...

10W-class PA (Power Amplifier) equipment is widely used in small transmission stations, repeaters, and experimental RF systems. Although compact, these devices often operate continuously 24 hours a day, and accumulated heat can lead to performance degradation and reduced lifespan. In this article, we introduce practical design strategies for cooling 10W-class PA equipment, especially how to maximize efficiency by combining air cooling, Peltier modules, and duct systems in parallel operation. The heat generated by PA equipment originates from power loss, with approximately 30–50% of the input power converted to heat. In the case of a 10W output PA, about 10W of heat is continuously produced. If this heat is not efficiently managed, internal temperature rises, leading to issues such as RF performance deterioration, component aging, and condensation.     Parallel Cooling Strategy with Air Cooling, Peltier, and Duct The basic of cooling design is air cooling. P...

The Peltier device is a special thermoelectric semiconductor element that cools on one side and heats on the other when current flows through it. By using this principle, we can efficiently control heat in various devices, including mini refrigerators, CPU coolers, experimental cooling equipment, and portable coolers. In this article, we’ll take a detailed look at the structure and principle of the Peltier device, how cooling and heating occur, and how it is actually used in practice. The Peltier module mainly consists of P-type and N-type semiconductor elements made of bismuth telluride (Bi2Te3), arranged in a grid pattern, with ceramic plates bonded above and below. This structure maximizes the Peltier effect and allows heat to be absorbed on one side and transferred and emitted on the other side when current flows through it.     The Mechanism of Cooling and Heating in Peltier Devices When current flows through a Peltier device, holes move in the P-type ...