How to Distinguish Earthenware, Stoneware, Porcelain, and Ceramics

Have you ever wondered, "Is this earthenware or porcelain?" when looking at a bowl at home or an artifact in a museum? Though all made from clay, these items differ significantly in material, firing methods, and historical context. Today, let's clearly distinguish between earthenware, stoneware, porcelain, and ceramics.


The main criteria for classification are materials used, firing temperature, glaze usage, and water absorption. These differences reflect not only their function but also their place in history and culture. Let’s break it down step by step.

 

 

1. Earthenware

Earthenware is the oldest ceramic form. It is fired at a low temperature of 600–900°C and usually unglazed. The surface is coarse, often reddish or gray, and may absorb water. Representative examples include comb-patterned pottery from prehistoric Korea. It was widely used before and during the early Three Kingdoms period.

2. Stoneware

Stoneware is a step up from earthenware, fired at 1000–1100°C. It uses refined clay and is typically glazed, giving it some degree of water resistance. It is more durable than earthenware and used for everyday vessels like cooking pots and jars. However, it is heavier than porcelain and produces duller sounds when tapped.

 

 

3. Porcelain

Porcelain is the most refined ceramic type, fired at 1200–1350°C. It is made from white clay (kaolin) and is thin, light, and translucent when held to the light. It has a smooth surface with a clear, bell-like sound when tapped. Famous examples include Goryeo celadon and Joseon white porcelain.

4. The Concept of Ceramics (도자기)

“Ceramics” is an umbrella term encompassing both earthenware and porcelain. In modern usage, anything made from fired clay—regardless of glaze or hardness—is referred to as ceramic. However, it's important to recognize the unique characteristics of each category within this broader term.

Quick Comparison Chart

  • Earthenware: Unglazed, low temperature, absorbs water, rough surface
  • Stoneware: Glazed, medium temperature, semi-waterproof, practical
  • Porcelain: Glazed, high temperature, hard, resonant sound, refined
  • Ceramics: General term including all types above

How to Tell Them Apart in Real Life

  • Sound: Porcelain rings, stoneware dulls, earthenware is almost silent
  • Light Transmission: Thin porcelain lets light through
  • Surface Texture: Earthenware feels rough, porcelain feels smooth and cool

Recommended Uses

For interior decor, porcelain’s gloss and elegance stand out. If you’re going for rustic aesthetics, stoneware's earthy tones work well. For plant pots, earthenware's breathability makes it ideal, while for tableware, porcelain or quality stoneware are great choices.

 

 

Conclusion

Though they may look similar at first glance, earthenware, stoneware, and porcelain each have their own materials, history, and purpose. Now that you know the differences, the next time you hold a cup or visit a museum, you’ll see each piece with new insight. Dive deeper into the world of ceramics, where technology meets timeless beauty.

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